Fig. 1: The physical sources of heat
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A Proposal for the Measurement of Temperatures inside ORACs and Dummiesby Ulrich T. Ludemann Fachhochschule Osnabrueck Germany 1. IntroductionWilhelm Reich stated that under some circumstances the temperature in an ORAC is higher than the temperature outside. Until now, several researchers have tried to verify this temperature difference To-T. They had to overcome several experimental problems. One of the problems they encountered is the heat inertia of a box: The temperature inside a box does not follow the temperature changes outside immediately. There is always a certain delay caused by heat resistance and the thermal capacity. Figure 1 shows a typical arrangement to measure the temperature differences between the inside of an ORAC, the inside of an inactive Dummy and the ambient temperature. |
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Fig. 1: The physical sources of heat
One finds two sources of heat, which can heat up ORAC and Dummy: The first source is convection: The air around the boxes shares its energy with the walls of the boxes, thereby cooling down. There is one important fact which will play a key role in the further paper: The temperature inside the boxes can - if one considers only physical heat sources - never be higher than the temperature outside. If the temperature outside is constant, the boxes will heat up until the temperature inside the boxes equals the temperature outside.
The second source is thermal radiation: Imagine a black car standing in a parking lot in the summertime. The temperature outside may be say 250 C; the temperature inside could be 300 to 400 C. This source is neglected in the paper. So the temperature inside the boxes could be much higher than the temperature outside. If you are interested in measuring the temperature differences following the suggestions in this paper, you must protect the boxes from direct radiation.
One never knows whether a temperature difference between the ORAC and the Dummy or the outer air is coming from orgonic effects or whether it is a result of thermal inertia or both. Some researchers try to fight the problem by using only an orgonic plate instead of an ORAC. Five of the walls are replaced by light material which has only a small inertia but is orgonic inactive. So one looses 5/6 of the active area.
To get rid of the thermal inertia problem a First Order model for the ORAC and the Dummy is introduced. This model has the following advantages:
I am an Electrical Engineer and will use electronic devices for modeling. We use a similar approach to calculate the temperature of semiconductors. Figure 2 shows the electronic components of the model.
Fig. 2: Electrical model of ORAC and Dummy
An ideal voltage source T(t) represents the ambient temperature. It supplies the ORAC and the Dummy with current. The capacitors are charged with the voltages To(t) and Td(t) respectively. A short excursion to mathematics shows us, that for each voltage at the capacitors we have to deal with a linear differential equation of first order:
Fig3: The differential equation and its solution
R is Ro and C is Co if you want to determine To(t). When you use Rd and Cd the result is Td(t). The constant C represents the Temperatures at t=0, the beginning of the measurements.
The above integral must be solved numerically and an external thermometer must measure the ambient temperature T(t). We see the following:
The temperature To(t) inside the ORAC and the temperature Td(t) inside the Dummy are determined by the ambient temperature T(t) and a time constant Ro*Cö and Rd*Cd respectively. If we can determine these time constants and measure the ambient temperature T(t), we can calculate the temperature inside the boxes. If there are any differences between the calculated temperatures and the measured temperatures it may be a hint for orgonic processes.
The differential equation has a very simple solution if the temperature T(t) rises suddenly from T1 to T2. I assume that the temperature inside the box is T1, too.
Fig. 4: The solution of the differential equation for a sudden change of
T(t) from T1 to T2
This is an exponential rise from To=T1 to To=T2 (Td=T1 to Td=T2). Figure 5 shows this rise from 100 C to 200 C. The time constant of the system is R*C=600 seconds.
Fig. 5: Rise from 100 C to 200 C
How can this time constant be measured for a given ORAC or Dummy? Wait for a rainy day when the orgonic temperature difference To-T is equal 0. The boxes must be in a room with the constant temperature T1. Wait until the temperature inside the boxes is T1, too. Then bring the boxes into a room with the constant temperature T2 and wait until the temperature equals
To=T1+0.63*(T2-T1)
The time from the beginning of the experiment up to this moment is the time constant. An example: if the temperature T1 is equal 100 C and T2 is 200 C, you have to wait until you measure
To=100 C +0.63*(200 C -100 C)=16.30 C
inside the box. The temperature T2 must be constant during this time.
Now we have to find a way to evaluate the measured data T(t). The Function T(t) is not given as an analytical function but as a number of measured data. So a numerical solution must be done. As already mentioned, I am an electrical engineer and we use programs for analog simulation. A very well known program is PSpice from Microsim. You can get a free copy of their evaluation version at http://www.microsim.com/. There are a lot of programs that can be used but I am not familiar with these. So I will focus on PSpice in this paragraph. PSpice consists -among other things- of a schematic entry, the simulator and a postprocessor. The schematic entry may not be used here. We will work with a netlist representing T(t), the ORAC and the Dummy. This netlist is a simple ASCII-text, should have the extension .cir and goes as follows:
The first line is the title line. PSpice expects a title line and will print this title on every output. The second line tells the program that there is a resistor RD between the nodes AIR and DUMMY with a value of 300 Ohms. Line 3 means that there is a capacitor between the nodes DUMMY and 0 with a value of 1 Farad. Very important is the part "IC=10". It says that the temperature at the beginning of the simulation was 100 C. The next two lines represent the ambient temperature T(t). In line 4 it is said that there is a voltage source VT between the nodes AIR and 0. Its PSpice-type is "PWL" which means "Piece Wise Linear". This means that the values of the voltage source are interpolated linearly between the given values. Line 5 is a line belonging to line 4 (This is shown by the "+"-sign in its first column). Then follow pairs of numbers: Time in seconds and measured Temperature in 0 C (Volts). Please read this line as follows: At 0 seconds there was a temperature of 100 C, at time 300 seconds we measured 110 C, at 600 seconds there was a temperature of 120 C and so on. PSpice input lines may not exceed 80 characters, so if you want to use more pair, you have to write new lines beginning with the "+"-sign in column 1. Lines 6 and 7 refer to the ORAC. Line 8 causes the simulator to print the values of V(AIR), V(ORAC) and V(DUMMY) into the file orac.out. If you do not want to have these values, this line can be omitted. Please use [ ] instead of ( ) here! Line 9 tells the simulator that you want to him to perform a simulation for a time of 2400 seconds. The first number, 300, must be inserted and is the increment for the print-statement of line 8. The keyword "UIC" means "Use Initial Conditions" and tells the simulator that he has to use the voltages (temperatures) in the "IC=..." part of the capacitor-statements as start values for the temperatures.
The product R*C is the time constant of the ORAC and the Dummy. To make calculation easy, use C=1. This means that C has a capacity of 1 Farad. If you have a time constant of 600 sec for the ORAC, the resistor RO must have a value of 600 Ohms. The value of 300 Ohms for RD means that I assumed a time constant of 300 seconds for the Dummy.
Following the instructions for R and C, you have a system that can be measured in seconds. A day has 86400 seconds and the numbers on the x-axis of the simulation will be very large. You can scale down your system by using another time constant. Divide the time constant by 60 and you will have a system in which every second of simulation time represents one minute in real time. In our example you must use "RO=10" and "RD=5". The input line for the measurements must be changed too. Instead of
+ 0 10 300 11 600 12 900 13 1200 12 1500 0
it should read
+ 0 10 5 11 10 12 15 13 20 12 25 0
The number of 300 in the TRAN-statement must be changed to 5
After preparing the netlist as described above, click the PSpice-Icon and select your netlist, e.g. orac.cir. The simulator will start, perform the simulation and close down. Then click the Probe-Icon, select the file orac.dat as input and use the TRACE-command to ADD the voltages V(AIR), V(ORAC) and V(DUMMY) on your screen. See Fig. 6.
Fig. 6: The graphic output of the simulator
The curves in Fig. 6 show how the temperature in ORAC and DUMMY should depend on T(t) from the point of view of classic physics. If the measured temperature in the ORAC differs from the simulated temperature this could be related to orgonotic effects.
I know from my own experience that two places in one room usually do not have the same temperature. If one places two boxes at different places in a room, the ambient temperatures will differ and this introduces a systematic error into the measurements. So I make a proposal for a new realization of the classic experiment: The ORAC and the Dummy are placed on a rotating disk that rotates once a minute or so (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7: A New Realization for the To-T-Experiment
The thermometers in the ORAC and Dummy should be mercury ones as usual. Nobody knows exactly what happens if one puts electronic thermometers with their copper wires into an ORAC. The thermometer measuring T(t) hangs above the disc and could be an electronic device connected to a PC to achieve continuous measurements over some days. The temperatures of the mercury thermometers can be read during waking hours. The swirling shield could be made of paper and helps to swirl the air so that the ambient temperatures of the ORAC, the Dummy and the electronic thermometer are nearly the same. Please do not forget to exclude direct radiation during the experiment. Although there may be no direct radiation it is possible that radiation effects can occur during cooling down of the boxes. To be on the safe side, both the ORAC and the Dummy should look exact the same. If you decide to paint your ORAC white, paint the Dummy in the same color.
A First Order-model for the ORAC and the Dummy box are introduced and a new proposal for the classic To-T-experiment is made. These matters are open for discussion. You can mail me via ludemann@hermes.rz.fh-osnabrueck.de
Paper placed on the net at 1997apr05
Last revision at 1997apr05
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